The “lost continent” of Zealandia, which includes New Zealand and the French islands of New Caledonia, have been mapped out in full in a world first, providing scientists with a new understanding of how it formed tens of millions of years ago.
Zealandia, known as Te Riu-a-Māui in the Māori language, was first recognized as a continent in 2017 and is now the first to have its rock composition, volcanic activity and sedimentary features fully mapped out at its margins.
This is despite the continent being almost completely underwater, with only about 5% of Zealandia peeking above sea level. Researchers published their findings Sept. 12 in the journal Tectonics.
Overall, the area of Zealandia is estimated to be 1.9 million square miles (4.9 million square kilometers). In 2019, scientists mapped the geology of a region of south Zealandia spanning 0.6 million square miles (1.5 million square km). These findings revealed that Zealandia stretched, twisted and thinned as it broke off from the supercontinent Gondwana between 60 million and 100 million years ago.
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In the latest study, researchers mapped out the underwater region of north Zealandia, located between New Zealand, New Caledonia and Australia.
The scientists discovered that the separation of Zealandia from Gondwana was partly driven by a giant volcanic region containing magnetic lava rocks, which spanned the length of the boundary between the two land masses.
“Molten magma flooded out of cracks and fissures as the continent stretched and thinned like pizza dough,” Nick Mortimer, a geologist at the Institute of Geological and Nuclear Sciences Limited (GNS Science), said in a statement. This volcanic activity eventually helped to break Zealandia away from Gondwana.
“Until now, the role of magma in Gondwana breakup has been underestimated,” Wanda Stratford, a marine geophysicist at GNS Science, said in the statement. These lavas cover an area of 100,000 square miles (250,000 square km) across the continent — which is about the size of New Zealand, she added.
By studying rock samples collected from the seabed near New Caledonia, the scientists were also able to fully map out a 100 million to 250 million-year-old backbone of granite that winds through the middle of the Zealandia.
The map of Zealandia could help to shed light on New Zealand’s resources, environment and natural hazards, GNS Science said in the statement.